There is a very important event that one must know when traveling by plane, especially
to another country, that is that it is forbidden to transport products or by-products of origin
animal, this includes milk, cheese, meat, skin, horns, among others, and whether you know
or you do not know this, its fulfillment is unappealable, since the ignorance of this does not exempt you
of its compliance, that by infringing it, depending on the country, the punishment can vary enormously.
All these strict rules are for a simple reason, since the products you carry
they can transport diseases and when entering a region where they do not occur,
can greatly charge a country's economy, since it is not prepared to
control as it happens in others that do, in addition to the species, both
productive, as domestic and wild can be seriously affected and in some
cases these can be transmitted to the human being, all these protocols must be
to several diseases, but one of the main ones is due to foot-and-mouth disease.
this disease is caused by a virus, of the aphthovirus genus, which has 12 serotypes,
where some are exclusive in certain regions of the planet, deprived by a capsule
lipoprotein, with icosahedral form of a diameter between 22 to 30nm and inside
has arn as a genetic material, which is present in several continents
and it is common in some countries, as examples are in parts of asia, africa, east
medium and South America, which have some outbreaks by wildlife.
This type of virus is transmitted to split hoof-producing animals, as they are
bovine, ovine, caprine and porcine, but also present in some mammals
wild animals such as antelopes, bison, deer, there are reports on hedgehogs and elephants
come to contract it, while in humans it is rare that they suffer from it, existing
only 40 cases reported, which makes them an extremely rare case.
The main form of transition is from the direct contact of a carrier animal
to another, another way is from the aerosols by sneezing or contacting the saliva
of the patient with food or water, this being a natural way, while the
human conditions create different scenarios of contagion, since any object with the
that has contact with a sick animal becomes a major danger, from material
of healing, cleaning equipment such as boots, coveralls, brooms and others, the rims of
the vehicles, the fodder or food that is provided to them, the animal products,
like milk, wool, meat, bones, blood, placetas and even semen
which is used to artificially inseminate contains large amounts of the virus, another
way is that animals that can not get it, having contact with the virus these can be
transport other animals, like dogs to flies. this is because the virus,
especially in its prodromal phase, that is to say the moment where the initial symptoms
manifest, are eliminated by much of the secretions in large quantities, the
which enters the system by respiratory, digestive and reproductive routes. in
each species varies its morbidity, that is, the ease with which it can contract
and how it is distributed in a region, which can reach up to 100%
in regions where it is endemic, this indicates that technically any susceptible animal
to her, when she has contact with the pathogen agent she will suffer from the disease,
to be present in the environment for up to 3 months in tropical climates and in the cold
arrives up to 6 months, where all this time continues to present its contagious potential.
once the virus enters the patient, it has an incubation period of 1 to 12
days, where it is installed in the mucosal cells and begin to replicate, producing
a febrile picture that disappears quickly in 2 to 3 days, after that the viruses
they will begin to migrate by blood to different places, especially migration
to the oral and gastroenteric mucosa, the tongue, the nose, the lips, the udders, and
distal portions of the legs, and in these places multiple blisters will begin to form,
that over time, due to excessive stretching of the skin, erode, causing
pain in the regions, which leads to animals suffering from anorexia, salivation
excessive, lameness and reluctance to move or get up, causing them to stop eating and go down
weight quickly, while dairy cattle, when presented on the udder, productivity
of milk drops enormously, due to the pain since they are treated for mastitis; While
that those who are pregnant, it is common abortions abound. the erosions that
are caused in the vesicles are apex of secondary infections, which may worsen
the box, and that when bursting, they contain a lot of virus, which makes them
one of the most dangerous secretions. after this the vesicles begin to decrease
and between 7 days of its appearance, disappear, giving the appearance that the problem was
passenger, in fact this disease in adult animals, depending on the species and infections
secondary, causes a 1% mortality, which would suggest that it is not a disease
so serious, but the healthy carriers, that is, the animals that spread the disease but
they are asymptomatic, they are very tall, but a lot of the young animals, have a
mortality of 40 to 90%, this is not properly due to the disease, but as animals
very young and growing, unable to eat these fall to the point of death
by cachexia. if one stops to think about this point,
maybe it's a serious illness, but not enough to be alarmed, but the turn
this, in which the production animals, rarely recover their weight so that even
the farmer can recover his investment, added to this that when producing abortions, hurt
the mammary glands to the point that a portion or in its entirety stop
produce milk, we must add that constantly the animals that reproduce will have abortions
and those who are born, their chances are very low to survive and what one gets to
investing will only be a waste of money, and that you get to transport with ease
to other farms, including other states or countries, reaching the point of an outbreak
of this disease, comes to give a very strong blow to the economy of the country that presents it,
as an example when an outbreak occurred again in England in 2001, the cost
of this disease was 13 billion dollars, which produced an economic crisis
important in the country, in fact such a blow would cause a country in the process of
development will be delayed several decades. Its diagnosis is easy to perform,
everything in the places where it is, because the appearance of vesicles on the legs,
the lips and nose becomes a characteristic sign, but not unique in diseases, in addition
It is common to hear animals snap or drool from canker sores in their mouths, but
can be confused by other diseases, the most similar is vesicular stomatitis,
so to confirm the diagnosis, it is necessary to send a sample to the laboratory
of esophageal-pharyngeal fluids, to perform virus isolation, detection
of viral antigens or nucleic acids and serology.
his treatment is somewhat unnecessary and I will mention it more as mere curiosity,
what is done is to treat the vesicles to prevent them from becoming infected, in addition to giving them
antibiotics, analgesics and anti-inflammatories; but this is merely useless, since with
the confirmation of this, the government will resort to the sanitary rifle, that is to say they will sacrifice
to all the individuals and send them to cream. this is given, in order to end the cycle
of contagion to other farms and prevent it from becoming a severe economic problem.
It is said very easy, but tell a person that they will kill all their animals and not
will receive money or the economic compensation that the government will provide is just
enough to meet the expenses of the investment, is a situation that has caused
that people die because of this event, in fact, in Mexico, when it was presented in 1947,
They slaughtered more than a million heads of cattle, this disease took their lives
of many veterinarians by people who learned about this scenario.
so the measures for its prevention, are the best way, the first, is to prevent
that food or byproducts of animal origin from countries that present it, enter
those who are free of it, like cattle, exotic animals or semen coming from
of these, in any means of transport, and in the event that it is presented
an outbreak in them, the veterinarian is obliged to report it to the authorities,
If you do not do this, you will not only lose your title, but you will be imprisoned, obviously
Sanctions depend on each country in question. already for the countries that present them, it is important
bring good biosafety protocols, from the thorough cleaning of the staff
and the team, both the workers and anyone who enters the place, both their
clothing, such as vehicles, equipment that you enter, the creation of quarantine areas
away from the facilities, to determine their health status and possible income.
there is also a vaccine, which only applies in the countries that present it, this
for several reasons, if a country that does not present it begins to vaccinate against it, it changes
his FMD-free status, free with vaccination, which greatly limits his exports,
because they can give a false positive in some control test or start it
to submit and the authorities of the importing country were entrusted to believe that it is a matter of
vaccine, putting yourself at risk; so vaccination depends on certain criteria,
since the scientific, economic, political and social factors must be contemplated,
specific for its implementation during the outbreak, because the vaccine only
protects against the serotype and does not produce a cross-immune response, in other words
understandable, if vaccines and it turns out that the virus has another morphology, it will not help.
There is a lot of talk about fearsome diseases that cause rapid death and sometimes
suffered, but not all of us affect human beings and do not even cause deaths of
thousands of animals directly, it only takes a disease to put at risk the
global economy to put the world on its head, that is foot-and-mouth disease.
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