With this apparatus, we are able to generate various "optical slices" of a 3D structure.
By switching between the various focal planes,
we can investigate cellular details,
the molecules that comprise the cell and so on.
THE CELLS' HANGING GARDENS
Actually, the cell is not isolated.
It is immersed in a biological glue we call the matrix.
[EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX COMPOSITION] COLLAGEN LAMININ FIBRONECTIN
These matrix molecules don't function solely as the cell's physical support
and the tissue's framework.
[MOLECULAR EXCHANGES BETWEEN THE MATRIX AND THE CELL'S INTERIOR] It is, in fact, also a source of signals.
We used very advanced and high-resolution microscopy techniques,
electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy.
So we could observe cellular structures in a nanometric scale.
With this kind of microscopy, we were able to observe the existence of a network of filaments,
[CYTOSKELETON MICROSTRUCTURES] With this kind of microscopy, we were able to observe the existence of a network of filaments,
called the cytoskeleton,
which physically connects the surface of the cell that is in contact with the matrix
with the cell's nucleus.
So the cell detects if its surroundings are more or less rigid, for example.
So its behaviour changes according to the physical properties of its surroundings.
And we believe that these "cables", which traverse the nucleus,
all the way from the cytoskeleton, have such a function.
This is a culture plate.
This is a conventional culture, which is two-dimensional, 2D.
These cells grow in monolayers,
a single layer covering the surface of the plate.
Each structure you see is a cell.
And the nucleus is found in its central area.
So we can observe individual cells.
It definitely does not correspond to or recreate what comprises an organism.
Life is three-dimensional.
Everything begins with two-dimensional cultures, even 3D cultures.
This is where we produce our 3D cell cultures.
For 3D cultures, we add a gel that functions as the extracellular matrix,
supplying the culture with three-dimensional support.
And this is where we place the cells, individually.
And each individual cell will divide itself and will ultimately form a multicellular structure.
And this multicellular structure resembles what might be observed in vivo.
The screen is composed of two structures. Each structure is formed by a large number of cells.
When I tinker with the focus, you can really see the structures' three-dimensionality.
The study's innovative quality, its merit,
lies in the joining together of 3D cell culture with advanced microscopy techniques.
Fluorescence microscopy is one of the tools we use in order to observe three-dimensional structures.
In this case, the cells are dead.
They are subjected to a chemical process, which freezes them in their original state
and we are able to designate different colours for different cell components.
NUCLEI CYTOSKELETON EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX RECEPTORS
So we use the fluorescence microscopy technique to observe the finer details,
the cell's nucleus, the structure's contours, molecules and cellular compartments
Our lab focuses mainly on mammary glands.
The mammary gland is extremely relevant in what regards reproduction
and it is also relevant from the point of view of public health
because this organ is often affected by cancer.
It is a very powerful tool for those who want to understand the relationship between the cell and its medium.
The cancer stems from aberrant communication.
[CANCEROUS CELLS DEGENERATE THE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX] But we believe that, to understand cancer,
[CANCEROUS CELLS DEGENERATE THE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX] it is essential to know how things work in a physiological level, despite the disease.
[METASTATIC PHASE] it is essential to know how things work in a physiological level, despite the disease.
These 3D culture models
aren't merely relevant from the point of view of attempting to mimic the organ's original conditions in a lab.
We also have tissue engineering,
which is the production of tissues in a lab for use in tissue replacement and tissue therapies.
Another important fact: drugs are usually tested on animals.
But we have to reduce animal testing
and I believe that three-dimensional cultures -
its evolution, the way these models are becoming increasingly advanced -
I believe this is the path we should take.
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