it's a new day a new week and a new month thank you for taking ten minutes
for CNN ten and welcome to a special edition of our show I'm Carl azuz at the
CNN center there's been a lot of talk about space travel in the news a new
mission to the moon future missions to Mars spacecraft that have traveled much
farther away than the red planet but beyond what's technologically possible
what's physically possible scientists are studying what kind of effects space
travel could have on the bodies of human space travelers think about this in six
months the average amount of time an astronaut spends onboard the
International Space Station you could never leave your spacecraft you can't go
outside you can't feel raindrops or soak in the Sun and your body changes
astronauts have reported problems with their vision after working in orbit
they've experienced back pain and weakened muscles after missions they're
exposed to more radiation in space than they are on earth increasing their risk
for developing cancer and this is for a trip that lasts half a year NASA
astronaut scott kelly spent almost twice that amount in orbit preliminary results
indicate that there were some changes in Scotts genetic expression how his genes
do their work within cells and even after two years on earth they still
haven't returned to where they were before he took off that's just one
lesson learned in NASA's famous twins study which allowed the organization to
compare Scott Kelly's health with that of his identical twin brother Mark who
stayed on earth back in 2014 when I visited Johnson Space Center in Houston
Texas I first met Julie Robinson
she's the chief scientists of the International Space Station with a
critical hand in the science experiments happening during Scott Kelly's year in
space another element to consider about living on the space station that long is
your personal space these are the sleep quarters so this is your personal space
this is it Julie showed me around the mock-up of
the station which has 935 cubic meters of livable space you've got some real
nice fans going blowing on you at night so you don't suffocate I step in here
yes don't tell anyone go ahead Scott slept in this small compartment every
night and so basically you have a sleeping bag that's velcro to the wall
nASA says the astronauts sleep on average less than six hours a day and
before critical mission operations it's even less met up with Julie again this
time in San Diego for look at what's changed since we last saw each other so
I you know last time we talked you know it was before this this year in space
I'm just wondering from the chief scientists perspective what's your been
like for you you know it's been an amazing year I've never had so much
public interest in what we're doing in space from people you know a lot of
times people don't even realize that the space station is up there all the time
and suddenly everyone's aware little kids older ladies you know we'll meet
someone at a party and they'll say oh how about Scott Kelly so it's really
caught people's imagination but I think it helps people see how the space
station connects to Mars and it helps people see how the space station
connects to health and those those themes are so important they really
capture everything that we're doing on the space station a lot of times you're
talking about stuff that's already in textbooks is already published but this
is this is happening real time yeah yeah and we're really solving problems real
time things that we really don't know there's no analog on earth there's
nothing that looks like the vision syndrome on earth and so we've got to
solve a brand-new medical problem you just got this fast laboratory where it's
happening right you've got these incredibly healthy people that don't
have other diseases and they have it this problem
and then it reverses and so the power of things like the twin studies if you can
understand the genetics that was turning that problem on and turning it back off
then you've suddenly got a window into health on earth that you wouldn't get
anywhere else the twin study is really the crown jewel of this mission ten
studies with ten different groups of researchers are happening almost
simultaneously using the samples from Scott and space and mark on earth this
is what we can see dr. Andrew Feinberg is a researcher with Johns Hopkins he's
also one of the principal investigators of the twin study his focus is genetics
about the area that he was involved in things like say identifying what might
be epigenetic damage to the genome that might precede the development of
mutations that could lead to cancer risk that might open the door to ways to
mitigate that damage that practical implications for here on earth by
studying Scott and Mark scientists will be able to identify any links between
the environment and human health but there is another downside in addition to
the potential long term health impacts for Scott because genetic information is
a part of the study privacy could be an issue for the Kelly twins and their
families so before anything is published they will have the option of withholding
certain information your study is gonna become a well-known study this data is
gonna be out there and obviously people gonna know it's you too because you know
the only twins that have been in a study like this at that time
private security of that information just just the privacy of it
how much do you worry about I'm not worried about it for me I'm worried
about it more for my kids like you know they could potentially see that you know
I'm susceptible to having this disease and to face based on the person and what
kind of person they are that could you know have a significant effect on them
or not maybe they would just like to know did you have any reservations mark
about being in a study like this I realize the significance of you know of
information out there and in flight in the Space Shuttle there's a lot of risk
involved and it's a risk versus reward thing and the reward is really for our
country and for our nation so same thing with the science there might be a little
bit of a downside for us but the benefit to the space program it's the American
people is enough to make it pretty obvious decision getting ready to depart
the International Space Station again wrapping up 340 days onboard the
orbiting laboratory as Scott's mission in space came to a close there was one
big part left reentry an undocking has occurred perhaps the riskiest part of
spaceflight happens at the very end you described it as going over Niagara Falls
in a barrel that also happens to be on fire yeah it's pretty scary you know
watch the video and you know first of all you seem remarkably composed you
know you actually think about it so I've made it all the way through this like
whole year the launch you know spacewalks the risk of being up
there for a really long time and I'll tell you what you know one of the
riskiest parts is at the very end will you come
you know blasting back into the atmosphere and you're relying on this
you know parachute to open in this Russian Soyuz and everything goes well
when there's stuff flying by and hitting the windows you know part
insulation that comes off and it gets hot inside then as soon as the chute
opens and the motions stop and you've realized it didn't kill you it's the
most fun you've ever had in your life you got Kelly back on Mother Earth after
340 days in space dance you know I said even if I hated being up there for six
months maybe not a year but if even if I hated being on the space station for six
months I'd do it all over again for the last 20 minutes yeah it's a it's a wild
ride when it was all said and done Scott Kelly spent 340 consecutive days in
space from March 27 2015 to March 2nd 2016 the most of any American astronaut
he traveled more than 143 million miles and saw nearly 11,000 sunrises and
sunsets in that same time period you and I saw just 684 he also returned home
five milliseconds younger and two inches taller though gravity soon weighed in to
shrink him back down to normal and he shared it all with us along the way
through these stunning photos on social media and he's gonna continue to share
with a book coming out next year the results from the twin study will begin
coming out early next year as well and then we'll truly begin to see the impact
that this historic mission could have on all of us
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