Have you ever wondered what is the oldest civilization in Europe?
Probably, the most heard answer will be Ancient Greece.
Plato, Aristotle, Homer, Pythagoras,
Alexander the Great, various Ptolemys...
what if I told you, that there was a previous civilization?
The island of Crete, located between the continents of
Asia, Africa and Europe. One step away from Egypt and Mesopotamia.
In this environment, it is normal that this island flourished.
It flourished so that one of the first European
civilizations appeared in it,
the Minoan civilization.
They lived arount the year 2700 BC
about 2400 years before Alexander the Great
1900 before Homer
and 200 years before the Pyramids of Giza.
It lasted until 1450 BC,
when it was conquered by the Mycenaeans.
The name "Minoan" comes from Minos,
the king of Greek mythology who lived here, in Crete.
In order to win the favor of his people,
he asked Poseidon for help in exchange of sacrificing
the first being that would come from the sea.
This being was the famous Bull of Crete, of the 12 Labours of Heracles or Hercules.
Minos saw that the bull was so beautiful and decided not sacrificing it.
Poseidon got angry and made his wife Pasiphaë fall in love with the bull.
She disguised herself with a wooden cow and made the bull lie with her,
from where the Minotaur came.
Minos then ordered to build the labyrinth
where he locked the beast until Theseus killed him.
All this is just stories, mythology...
But the stories come from somewhere...
In the year 1900, archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans
began to excavate some ruins southeast of Irakleio.
The complexity of these ruins and the large number of drawings of bulls,
including a man jumping on one,
led him to think that he had discovered the famous labyrinth.
Later they realized that these ruins belonged to Knossos,
the largest city in the Minoan civilization
and most probably the first great European city.
The palace city covered about 14,000 m²
and more than 1,500 rooms
had several floors, specialised rooms,
a large plaza and even a sewer system.
But the history does not finish here.
The word "labyrinth" has a curious origin.
According to Plutarch, after Christ,
λάβρυς is the lydian name of the double axe.
The beginning of the word labyrinth is quite similar to λάβρυς
and bearing in mind that the palace is full of drawings of double axes
and all the double axes that have been found by the island
like those of the cave of Arkalochori
can make us think that Knossos was actually the labyrinth.
Let me explain.
This story is Greek mythology, after the Minoans.
What if the Mycenaeans or later Greeks,
amazed by the complexity and architecture of Knossos,
full of bullfighting symbols and sports,
transformed over the years the legends of the so-called
"place of double axes, labrynthos"
in the story we know today?
Or the cave of Arkalochori, where hundreds of bronze axes and a few of silver and gold were found?
This is no more than a conjecture, since there is not enough evidence
in the Minoan and Mycenaean writings that proves this theory.
But let nothing prevent us from having new ideas,
even if we are wrong.
That's how science is made.
The Minoans wrote, in addition to hieroglyphics,
in a pictographic system that has been called Linear A;
in contrast to the Mycenaean, the Linear B.
There are a total of about 7000 writings of these two civilizations,
which compared to the number of cuneiform tables there exist
(references in the description) they are quite a few.
It can be said that Linear B has already been deciphered as ancient Greek
(or before the old)
while Linear A is still a struggle.
In the TEI of Crete (Τεχνολογικό Εκπαιδευτικό Ίδρυμα,
Technological Education Institute, curious how it coincides)
one of the most mysterious objects of this period is being studied,
the Phaistos Disc.
The cretologist or minologist Gareth Owens
has been studying this enigmatic disc for 10 years,
and in his web page you can see all his conclusions,
like the reading of the disc, or this wonderful application to interact with it.
I will leave it in the description.
On the disk there are 45 different symbols,
too many for an alphabet,
but very few for a logographic script like the Chinese one.
Therefore, they deduce it is a syllabary.
They also believe that the disc is written in what they call
the Minoan language,
belonging to the Indo-European family because of its connections with Greek, Sanskrit and Armenian.
They are based on the fact that they have found evidence of gender,
endings of verbs, nouns and other common vocabulary to this family of languages.
Another thing you can find on Gareth's page is the signary.
Here you can find are the different glyphs found in different objects,
such as the Phaistos disk or the Arkalochori axe,
using the reading derived from the symbol in Linear B.
You can see all the connections,
not only in glyphs but also in complete words like this
I-DA-MA-TE
This inscription, read with the values of Linear B,
can represent on the one hand the Indo-European root of mother
(MA-TE)
and on the other Mount Ida,
visible from Arkalochori.
(Also known as Psiloritis)
Some others also say that DA can represent the Earth,
Mother Earth
or even related to tea / thea,
Mother Goddess
You have more information as I said on the page of the TEI.
And what happened to them? Why did they disappear?
For we know that the palace of Knossos and other Minoan cities
suffered several tragedies throughout its history.
Earthquakes, tsunamis, eruptions and fires.
Linear B writings also appeared in Crete,
so the most widespread theory is that the Mycenaeans invaded the island in 1450,
thus becoming Greek.
The island tells its story,
as long as we know where to look.
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